1.Define Direction and explain its characteristics.
Ans :-
Introduction:

• Directing includes supervision, giving orders and instructions and providing active leadership to the subordinates.
• The efficiency of employees in business depends upon direction.
• If the directing person is efficient, then an ordinary employee will give the best result.
• While the directing person is inefficient, even a good employee will not give expected result.
• Thus, efficient direction is an essential part of the management.

Meaning:

• In general terms, ‘Direction means to guide the workers, make them aware of the work, and supervise them and to maintain their enthusiasm for the work.”
• Guidance given to the workers for the accomplishment of objectives is direction.
• Direction is that function of management which gives orders and supervises the subordinates for the accomplishment of pre-determined objectives.

Characteristics:

1. Goal Oriented Activity:

• The purpose of direction is to guide and motivate the employees, which leads to achievement of business objectives.
• Thus, direction is a goal oriented activity.

2. Function at Every Level of Management:

• Direction is the function of management at all levels.
• Top level managers direct departmental officers regarding target, policy and administrative matters.
• In the same manner, at the bottom level, supervisors give orders and instructions to the foremen and jobbers, while jobbers and foreman direct the working under their control.
• Thus, direction moves from top level to the bottom level of management.

3. Continuous Process:

• As long business activities will continue, the function of direction will also continue.
• Direction is provided to the employees regarding functions, procedures and interpretation of policy. (i.e. from start to finish.
• Thus, direction is a continuous process.

4. Observation of Functions:

• The purpose of direction is to see that, employees are working as per direction given to them or not.
• Direction is not merely the process of guiding and giving orders, but it is a process of observing whether work is done as per order or instruction or not.

5. Wider Scope:

• Scope of direction is wider.
• It is not merely guiding and advising to the employees, but the manager has to provide understanding of decisions and to put the efforts for its implementation.

6. Communication:

• Effective Communication is a pre-condition to give orders and guidance to the employees in direction.
• If communication process is not effective, it is difficult to give right direction, to the right employee at the right time.

7. Motivation:

• It is necessary to motivate the employees, in order to extract the best efforts from them.
• Higher authorities give personal guidance to motivate the employees.
• Such guidance solves the problems and doubts of employees, generates faith in them therefore, they motivate to do better work.

8. Flow of Direction:

• Direction is a downward process.
• It always moves from top level to bottom level management.
• Top level management gives guidance to the managers of middle level management and middle level management directs the workers of bottom level management.

9. Managerial Function:

• Direction is a part of management like various other functions such as planning, organising, staffing, co-ordinating, communication and controlling

2.Define Motivation and explain its features.
Ans :-
Introduction:

• Motivation is the internal feeling which encourages a person to work.
• There is a difference between capacity to work and the willingness to do so.
• The objective of management fails if the worker is capable but not willing to work.
• Among all the factors of production, only man is the factor which can increase production.
• Man is a living factor of production.
• He possesses special abilities and proficiency.
• Therefore, motivation is must.
• Motivation is a wider concept. Where the man is performing, motivation function becomes necessary. Motivation includes financial incentives, non-financial incentives, amenities, unsatisfied needs, etc.

Meaning:

• In general terms, ‘Motivation means the process of stimulating people to perform action and to make it possible to have maximum work satisfaction’.
• As per Jucious, “Motivation is the act of stimulating (encouraging) someone or oneself to get the desired course of action.”
• As per Morgan, “Motivation is that state of mind that leads workers towards objectives.”

Thus, motivation is the process of inspiring people to get the expected result.

Characteristics:

1. Internal Inspiration:Motivation is that strength or power which arises from the individual which makes the person realise that something is lacking(missing) and he gets inspiration which leads him to do certain activity.

2. Psychological Concept:

• Motivation is a psychological phenomenon (incidence).
• Mental status of every person is different.
• Therefore the need of internal inspiration for every person is also different.

3. Increase Efficiency of Employees:

• Workers are encouraged to produce more through motivation.
• Motivation boost their morale.
• Their productivity and efficiency tends to increase.
• Hence, profitability of business unit also increases.

4. Continuous Process:

• Once motivation process has started, it remains continuous.
• Employees should be motivated to get the work done from them.
• Direction and guidance should be provided to them.
• Once they are encouraged, motivation cannot be stopped.
• It is continuous process remains from beginning to end.

5. Reduction in Labour Turn-over Rate:

• Motivation gives internal satisfaction of the employees.
• Motivation inspires the workers.
• Workers get remuneration as per work as well as satisfaction and respect which induce them to continue in the job and thus, the labour turnover rate decreases.

6. Achievement of Goals:

• Motivation induces the workers to function effectively therefore achievement of personnel and business objectives become possible.

7. Wider Scope:

• Motivation is a broad and splendor (wide/important) concept.
• Motivation includes different terms like need, motive, desire, emotion, aim, choice, will power, eagerness, temptation, etc.

8. Adapting Changes in an Organisation:

• In modern time changes occur in industries and organisation, that constantly affects production, technology, raw material and other activities.
• Generally, the workers are not prepared to accept these changes quickly.
• However, they can be given proper understanding by motivation to accept these changes quickly and easily.

9. Tool to get Co-operation:

• Motivation gives job satisfaction to the employees.
• As a result, they co-operate to their higher authorities

10. Positive Attitude:

• Motivation encourages positive attitude of the employee.
• When the problems of the workers are solved, they experience a feeling of respect for staffing as well as organisation.
• They work, as if they are a part of the organisation.
• Such a style of work makes possible the development of employees and business unit, which is the result of motivation.

11. One of the Functions of Management:

• Motivation is an important part of the management.
• Managers have to get the work done from the living resources like employees and not from physical resources.
• Therefore, to motivate, is an important function.

3.Explain the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs with diagram.
Ans :-
Introduction:

• Man’s needs are varied.
• These needs are decided on the basis of his mental status.
• He is motivated, if these needs are satisfied.
• Many psychologist and management experts have made studies and formulated principles to arrange the needs in a proper order.
• The humanist psychologist Abraham Maslow had presented hierarchy of needs in his article ‘Principle of Human Motivation’ in 1943.

Such five needs are arranged as per their priority.

1. Physiological or Primary Needs:

• Physiological needs are basic needs of human being.
• Basic needs include food, water, clothing, shelter etc.
• Food is the basic need to sustain the body.
• A hungry person gives importance to food.
• It means that, he does not give importance to other needs if food, clothing and shelter are not satisfied.

2. Safety Needs:

• After the physical needs are satisfied, the next need in the hierarchy is safety.
• It includes physical safety, job safety, safety against risk, regularity of wages etc.
• Therefore, man takes the measures like takes the insurance, open the saving account either in bank or post office.
• Such a safety is necessary for mental peace.

3. Social Needs:

• When the need for security is satisfied, the next in the hierarchy is the social need.
• It includes affection and love.
• Man is a social animal.
• He always wants love and affection from his family, relatives and society at large.
• Such needs include, feeling of getting love and respect from the family members, friends, and relatives as well as by his colleagues at work place and by others in society.

4. Esteem and Status Needs:

• Above 1 to 3 needs are low class needs.
• Esteem and status needs are also known as position need or high class need.
• It increases the longing(desire) to have one’s self-appraisal, the respect from colleagues or officers and increase in reputation, his desire to get it increases.

5. Self Esteem and Self Actualisation Needs:

• After satisfying above four needs, man tries to satisfy self-esteem or self- actualization need.
• Each person wants to get the top position by getting the achievement.
• One’s name is considered with pride and in the best way, his skill is considered with all his best in his own work-field.
• E.g., Zakir Husain in playing tabla, Sachin Tendulkar in the field of cricket, Amitabh Bachchan in the field of acting, Lata Mangeshkar in the field of music, etc.

4.Explain Financial Incentives.
Ans :-
Financial incentives:

Monetary benefit offered to employees to encourage behavior or actions is called financial incentive.

• Financial incentives are boon for skilled and proficient employees or workers because they boost their enthusiasm, courage, self-confidence and efficiency.
• Financial incentive gives security to the employees and increases their social status.

Types of financial incentive:

1. Profit sharing:

• When workers get a definite proportion of profit in the form of money other than their salary, it is called profit-sharing.
• Profit sharing is based on the concept that surplus profit of the business is the result of the joint efforts of the workers and owner.

2. Co-partnership:

• When employees or workers are taken as partners in ownership, management and distribution of profit, it is known as co-partnership.
• Since these employees or workers are taken as co-partners, it becomes easy for owner to increase production and to maintain industrial peace.

3. Promotion:

• The process of placing the staff in a higher and beneficial position is known as promotion.
• Promotion increases authority, responsibility, duties and salary of the employee.
• Promotion increases the efficiency of the staff and his morale.

4. Bonus:

• When a business earns profits, its credit goes to workers as well.
• On the basis of this thdught, the organization at the end of each year distributes ceiiain percent of profit among works. This distributed amount is known as bonus.

5. Commission:

• In order to increase sales, business units decide sales target for the employees appointed in sales department.
• To see that the .sales executives achieve these targets, the business units provide them certain financial incentive on sales. This is called commission.

6. Prizes:

• When certain employees show outstanding performance or style of working, they are honoured for their services in the form of cash prize along with certificate and medal by the business units.
• Such prizes are given in annual meeting, get-together or by arranging a special felicitation programme. Distributing prizes before all the staff members boost encouragement, zeal and efficiency of the workers.

7. Suggestions and advices:

• Workers are constantly engaged in production. While working they come across several ideas and suggestions to improve the process, reduce costs, improve productivity, etc.
• They may give such suggestions and advice to the management to improve the production process and make it more efficient.
• When these ideas and suggestions prove fruitful, the workers are paid monetary incentives.

5.Define Communication. Explain its characteristics.
Ans :-
Introduction:

• Communication is an important part of management.
• Modern world is growing very fast in the field of science and communication.
• Due to progress in this sector, all the countries are coming close to each other.
• From commercial point of view, entire world has become global village.
• Communication is a process of exchanging words, letters, instruction, thoughts, opinions etc.
• Manager must have informations of various departments of the unit. Therefore, bottom level has to send informations to the upper level in the form of report. The process of providing information is known as reporting.
• While communication includes giving orders and instructions, receiving reports, attending complains and solving them etc.
• Reporting is must for the communication.

Meaning:

• Communication is the process of opinions. exchange of words, letters, instructions and opinions.
• As per New Mann and Summer, “Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotion by two or more persons.”

Characteristics:

1. Goal Oriented Process:

• The objective of communication is not only the exchange of information but it also aims at the achievement of objectives.
• So special care is taken to see that, whether or not the receiver of information understands the information as intended.

2. Clear Words and Language:

• The words and language used in communication should be clear.
• It should not have double meaning.

3. Two-way Process:

• Communication is a two-way or bilateral (helpful) process.
• Top manager’s send the necessary informations regarding objectives, policy, method, procedure and rules to the middle and bottom level management.
• While on the other hand, necessary informations in the form of report is received from middle and bottom level management.

4. Continuous Process:

• Communication is a continuous and permanent process.
• Communication process starts from the beginning of the business and remains continue till the end.

5. Many Equipments:

• In recent time, to make communication system more effective many equipments are used.
• Oral or written messages/correspondence, telephone, fax, internet, mobile phone, SMS, telex, etc. are used.

6.Explain barriers to effective communication.
Ans :-
Barriers of effective communication:

• Communication is a human activity and so there are chances of problems in this process.
• The factors of human limitations such as affection, mistakes, estimations, misunderstanding, distrust, fear, etc. that affect communication are called barriers of communication.

Following barriers come in the way of effective communication:

1. Lack of planning:

• If the order of information is not planned, sender will give wrong, unclear and incomplete information.

2. Faulty translation:

• Employees working at middle level receive messages from top level. At times such messages may not be in mother-tongue. The middle level staff analyzes these messages on their own and sends them at bottom level. The middle level person may make mistakes in translating the message.

3. Unclear messages:

• At times, important matters may be presented in an unclear manner. Also, the words and sentences in the message may be arranged in improperly.
• There are chances that these messages fail to give clarity to the receiver.

4. Unclear assumptions:

• Many messages depend upon guess work and assumptions. If these are not clarified while transmitting messages, their meaning and importance might . change when at the receiver’s end.

5. Shortage of time:

• Many times decisions are taken on the basis of information. After getting information, it is to be implemented.
• However, if information is not available on time, then the message loses its importance and effectiveness.

6. Overburden in communication:

• There is a constant and continuous exchange of communication in large industries. A high flow of communication over-burdens people.
• If information is transmitted and received by someone who may be over-burdened, then he may not be able to maintain precision of information and just conduct the task of communication.
• This may prove quite harmful for the organization.

7. Ignorance towards messages:

• Many times higher managers or bottom level employees remain inattentive and careless regarding messages. Due to their carelessness the message may not be transmitted or understood properly further.
• This can create several problems in the overall work processes.

8. Improper selection of media:

• There are specific mediums of communication for fulfilling a desired task. If these mediums are not selected properly then they may become barriers to communication. For example, if change in quantity to be produced is mentioned orally rather than in written form then it may lead to blame-game if the production is not done as per the desired change.

9. Distrust and fear:

• If fear and distrust exists in the organization, every message is perceived with doubt. This is because people might fear of being held responsible for things unnecessarily.
• At times information is changed due to the fear that correct information will lead to punishment or fine.
• Hence, based on some bitter experiences of the past, the correct information or message may be edited or not passed.