(1)Define management and explain its characteristics.
Ans :-
Management:

Management is the process of reaching organizational goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources.

Following characteristics of management are to be kept in mind in order to understand the concept and nature of management:

1. Universal Process:

• Management is a universal process.
•  Management is Required where people are working in group for the accornplishmenrof objectives.
•  Management is not only required in industries but also can be applied in various social and religious feilds and activity like agriculture, army, education etc.
• Management activity is seen in the units of each feild and different department of these units.

2. Goal Oriented Activity :-

• Management is took and not the attainment.
• Every business unit is established to achieve certain objectives.
• Management is necessary to achieve these objectives in a competent and economical way.

3. Group Activity :-

• Management is a collective,activity carried out by two or more people.
• Management is required where two or more people are working together for the accomplishment of pre-determined objectives.

4.Continuous Process:

• Management is a continuous process.
• Management is goal oriented yet it does not stop after the achievement of objectives.
• New objectives and targets are decided by the business units.
• The”cycle oFdefining objectives, achieving them and re-defining them continuously goes on.

5.Human Process:

• Management process is limited to human activities.
• Human element is the most significant element in management.
• Man is in the center of management.
• Other means of production are useless without management.
• Management is done by the human being and for the human being.
• Thus, management is a human process which is done by and for the man.

6. Decision Process :-

• Decision process is a function of management.
• No work can be done without taking decisions.
• After taking decision, management has to proceed to implement it.
• Thus decision process is a function of management.

7. Science, Arts and Profession:

• Like science, management has its own rules or principles.
• Hence many writers consider management as a science.
• Man is an important factor of management therefore getting work done from him, requires.proficiency, intelligence, cleverness and insight ‘.
• It is known as ‘Art’ of getting theworlTdone. ~~
• Management of a modern business unit is handed over to trained and expert people.
• In recent time, managers have also adopted professionalism like lawyers, doctors , CA.
• Thus it is clear that management is a profession too.

(2) Draw a diagram of different levels of management. Also explain its functions

Ans :-

• As long as the size of a business unit remains small, the owner himself is able to manage it.
• As soon as the size of a business unit expands, the number of employees in the business also increases.
• The superior officer cannot supervise all his subordinates directly; therefore delegation of authority has to be done. –
• Various levels of management are created due to the delegation of authority.
• The more of these levels of management exist, the higher will be the expensive.
• As a result, control as well co-ordination become difficult.
• Therefore, as much as possible, the levels of management should be kept limited.

There are three levels of management:
1. Top Level Management
2. Middle Level Management
3. Bottom Level Management.

diagram

Top level management

• The top level management the supreme authority of the management of an enterprise.
• Board of Directors, Managing Directors, General Manager, Chief Executive Officers is Included in this level.
• Important policy decisions of business unit are taken by top level management.
• It is known as Top Level or Higher Level of Management.

Functions:

• To lay down primary and subsidiary objective of business.
• Directors act as the trustees of the business enterprise.
• To select Chief Executive Officer and higher officers and to assign them authority and responsibility.
• To sanction the budget prepared by different departments.
• To abide by law and to take care of interest of different stakeholders of the business.
• To take strategic decisions by making long term plans.
• To analyse and resolve complex problems of management as per legal provisions.
• To plan for the enterprise, its implementation and to supervise it.
• To do the function like distribution of profit, dividend, reserve fund, re-investment of profit, etc.
•  To analyse reports of different activities and to give instructions accordingly.

The Middle Level Management

• The middle level management is an important link between top level and bottom level of management.
• Departmental officers, divisional officers and experts are included in it.
• For Eg production, sale, purchase, finance, personnel, accounts officers, etc.
• This level is also known as Officer’s Level.

Function :-

• To implement the orders and instructions given by Chief Executive officers.
• To prepare budget by each departmental head and present it before the top level management.
• To formulate policies, rules and structure for the accomplishment of enterprise objectives. To decide necessary method for it, to analyse it and to decide appropriate measures on criterion for it.
• To take necessary steps to increase efficiency and effectiveness of departmental activities.
• To make attempt to motivate the employees of department.
•  To keep in constant touch with the officers of the other departments and establish co-ordination.
• To focus on functioning of sub-divisions.
• To supervise the working of the departments, get information, provide directions and pass on information to the top level management.
• To help the top level management in taking policy decisions.

The bottom level of management:

• Supervisors, jobbers and foreman are included at this level of management.
• This level is also known as Bottom Level or Supervisor’s level.
• Decisions and policies decided by top level management are actually implemented by this level therefore this level is also known as Functional/Operational level of Management.
• Supervisors working at this level are representatives of management.
• At this level, management functions are performed less while administrative work is more.

Function :-

• To supervise function of employees.
• To see that there remains discipline among employees and their moral is boosted.
• To plan routine work of the department.
• To perform functions related to employees like transfer, promotion, training, etc.
• To get instructions, orders and programme from the departmental officers to carry out the departmental functions.
• To perform the function like the layout, repairing and maintenance of machinery.
• To make arrangement for necessary equipments, raw-materials, etc. for the workers.
• To solve the genuine problems of workers.
• To implement decision and policies decided by top level of management.
• To forward reports of various activities taking place at the bottom level, suggestions and complaints of employees to the middle level of management

(3) Define co-ordination and explain characteristics of it.
Ans :-
Co-ordination:

• To task of maintaining co-ordination and harmony among the different functions carried out by different departments in the business unit is called co-ordination.
• Although co-ordination is not a function of management but it is required at each and every stage of management.
• It is necessary right from the planning stage to controlling.

Characteristics of co-ordination:

• Co-ordination is required for all the activities, right from planning to controlling. As a result, none of the management process is possible without co-ordination.
• Co-ordination is required at every level of management.
  Success of co-ordination depends upon effective communication.
  Co-ordination is not possible without co-operation. Co-operation of employees engaged in different activities is necessary to maintain co-ordination among various activities of the organization.
• Co-ordination makes possible optimum utilization of business resources.
• Co-ordination is a part of every activity of management. Therefore co-ordination is considered soul of management.

Importance of co-ordination:

• Co-ordination makes management functions like planning, organizing, directing, controlling, etc. effective.
• Co-ordination makes possible smooth functioning of all the business activities.
• When there is proper co-ordination then neither any work remains incomplete nor any work gets duplicated.
• Co-ordination maintains harmony among various departments of management.
• Co-ordination enables to maintain a balance between order and time of business activities performed by various departments.
• Co-ordination enables accomplishment of pre-decided objectives.

(4)Define marketing management and explain its functions.
Ans :-

• In a broad sense, marketing management is the activity of providing goods ar services from producers to customers.
• Marketing management includes exchange of goods with money as well as market research, distributive method, sales promotion, storage, insurance, etc.
• Marketing management is such a process which decides the necessity of customers.
• It is converted into goods or services and then these goods or services are finally made available to the customer, consumer or user.
• Thus it can satisfy the needs of a particular customer or group of such people.
• It gives importance to optimum utilization of resources and profitability of the organization.
• Marketing management aims at creating demand for goods or services.
• The main elements are goods or services, physical distribution policy, price policy. increase in sale, packaging etc.

Functions :

1. Product or Product mix:

• The decision regarding development of new product or existing product includes appearance, colour, size, shape, weight, print, packing, guarantee of work, after sales service, variety of product, etc.

2. Price:

• In modern time a customer expects availability of better quality goods at reasonable rate.
• Therefore utmost care should be taken while deciding the price of the product.
• The price decision includes sales policy, credit policy, policy regarding discount, wholesale or retail sale and also commission to mediators, etc. are also considered.

3.Distribution :

• Distribution mix include decisions regarding various ways of selling like direct selling, through the wholesaler, retailers, agents, as well as problems related to transportation etc.
• Distribution mix is related to the size and scope of a business unit.

4. Promotion :

• Promotion aims at remarkable increase in sale.
• It includes the matters like advertisement, publicity, selling through salesmen, ways and means to attract customers and traders etc.
• Though promotion mix is expensive, it leads to increase in sale, which results into higher profitability.

(5) Define human resource management and explain its functions.
Ans :

Every business unit takes care of its assets like land, building, machinery, furniture and vehicles.

• Employees working in the business unit are its live asset.
• Therefore it is necessary to take care of them.
• Success of a business depends on the employees.
• Business objectives can easily and successfully achieved if their needs are satisfied,helpful environment is provided and proper care is taken.

Meaning:

•  Human resource management is the process, which takes into consideration matters like proficiency, knowledge, intelligence, likes and dislikes, personal development, necessity, etc. of employees, connects them with business objectives and channelizes the business towards the path of success and profitability.

Characteristics/Functions:

•  Human resource management includes selection, training, promotion and direction to the employees.
• Human resource management enables to accomplish business objectives by way of connecting them with individual objectives& business objectives.
• Basic function of human resource management is to manage the employees as they are valuable assets of the business,
• It provides proper training and thus develops team for the job.
• Human resource management evaluates performance of the employees and places them at right position.
• Efficient management can reduce labour turnover rate and can maintain skillful employees for a longer period in company.
• As part of human resource management, helpful atmosphere is provided to employees, which ultimately boosts their enthusiasm and efficiency.
• The values of the company are maintained and objectives are achieved.

(6)Define production management and explain its functions.
Ans :-
Production management:

The process which includes planning for production, deciding programmes, maintaining co-ordination, direction and keeping control is called production c management.
The process of converting naturally available raw material into consumable finished goods with the help of human efforts is known as production:
Production management takes care that the goods and services produced are capable of satisfying the needs of the customers.
Following functions are included in production management:

• To decide production plan.
• To undertake production researh.
• To select product development as well as product-mix.
• To select technology and machinery for production.
• To take decisions regarding selection of location for production as well as its layout.
• To estimate material and other needs for production.
• To control production activity.
• To control product quality.
• To undertake activities for controlling expenditure maintaining and increasing productivity.
• To introduce variety of products and simplify production process