(1) Describe the principles of scientific management.
Ans :

• Principles of Scientific Management as given by Fredrick Taylor his approch was a revolutionary act.He was far from traditional method.So that workers and owners may work with unity.
• He provided scientific management principles, which are as under :
  1. Scientific Method.
  2. Planning and Implementation
  3. Job Analysis
  4. Standardization
  5. Scientific Selection and Training
  6. Financial Motivation
  7. Economical
  8. Mental Revolution

1. Scientific Method:

• Traditional methods should be abandoned and instead scientific methods should be adopted for working. Managers should think how the work can be done in the best way by analyzing it scientifically.

2. Planning and Implementation:

• Instead of workers doing planning and implementation, it should be done by experts should draft the plan and workers should follow it.

3. Job Analysis:

• Job analysis is the best way to get work done speedily with lower cost.Analysis of the job to be done should be done before starting it.
• Increased productivity can reduce cost of production after studying time study, motion study and stress study.
• Under job analysis, time and motion study, as well as fatigue study, should be done. This will decrease the cost of production and increase productivity.

4. Standardisation:

• Standardisation and simplicity are scientific process, which should be done in advance.
• Products and process should be standardized and process should be simplified. Doing so will reduce rework and produce all products or services with same desired specifications.
• Equipment, time, situation of work, resources etc. matters are considered for standardization.

5. Scientific Selection and Training:

• Selection of workers should be done appropriately and scientifically. For Scientific standards or benchmarks like education of employees, skill, guts, physical strength, training, etc. can be considered.
• Moreover, an employee should be assigned such work that must be according to his education, study and skill.
• There should be use of training to increase efficiency of workers from time to time.
• Also different kind of scientific tests should be used to know their work interest.

6. Financial Motivation:

• Skilled workers should be given financial and other kind of motivations.
• Different kind of motivated wage schemes have been recommended for that.
• This wage system must be adopted on the basis of individual productivity of employee.
• Their wage rate should be decided not as per speculation, but should only be by scientific study.

7. Economical:

• While implementing the scientific management, the stress should be also put on econorhical ways of management rather than only scientific and technical methods of management. The unit should emphasize on low cost production too.
• Cost estimation arid cost control methods should be considered well in advance. Moreover, if-there occurs deviation in the estimations and their implementations then corrective action should be taken.

8. Mental Revolution:

• Mental revolution should take place between owners and workers for achieving objectives.
• Mental revolution reduces stress between owners and workers and makes achievement of goals easy.

(2)Describe in detail about classical thoughts.
Ans :
Thoughts of Classical Theory

• The thoughts of management presented till the end of 19th century is known as thoughts of classical theory. Main promoters of thoughts of classical theory are Frederick Taylor, Max Webber, Gilbreath, Henry Gantt and Henry Fayol.
• Scientific Management principles presented by Frederick Taylor also exist into the thoughts of classical theory of management even today. Approach of Scientific Management favors scientific principles by time and motion.
• study instead of traditional methods. Main contribution of scientific principle lies into specialization in Management, progressive wages system, responsibility and scientific distribution of task.
• Contribution of Henry Fayol in thoughts of classical theory is also significant. He significantly contributes to thoughts of management by presenting general principles of management.
  ->He decided levels of different tasks in business unit and tried to decide limits of tasks.
• To perform managerial duty at different levels, he also provided universal princip of management as guidelines.
• Apart from this, there is a contribution of Max Webber into thoughts of Classical theory.
• Till the end of 19th century, formats and size started to change due to industrial revolution.
• As a result, need for changes in it aroused due to some limitations of thoughts of classical theory like importance to financial motivation, less important to human approach and informal relations.

(3) Describe Henry Fayol’s principles of management.
Ans :
Henri Fayol’s Principles of management:
With his rich experience and knowledge Henri Fayol presented 14 important principles of Management. They are:

• Division of Work
• Authority and Responsibility
• Discipline
• Unity of Command
• Unity of Direction
• Sub-ordination of Individual Interest to the General Interest
• Remuneration of Personnel
• Centralization
• Scalar chain
• Order
• Equality
• Stability of Personnel Tenure
• Initiative
• Esprit de corps (Feeling of oneness)

Henry Fayol says that “These are only directive principles. Success of these principles depends upon the sharp sense of managementIt is a task of wisdom.”

1) Division of Work:

• Management gives more weightage to higher efficiency of employees and managers. Division of work is one of the ways to achieve this.
• Productivity can be increased by maximum use of production equipments.
• Moreover Division of Work is necessary to increase efficiency of employees and managers.
• Specialization is also possible through division of work.
• Division of Work should be done at managerial and factory level to take benefit of principle of specialization.

2) Authority (power) and Responsibility:

• Power and Responsibility are two sides of a coin. Power without responsibility and responsibility without power are incomplete.
• When a person is assigned a responsibility for some job, at same time power assignment is essential.
• While assigning the power, different parameters like post of employees, knowledge, qualification, experience, art of leadership, maturity, etc. should be considered, as a result enthusiasm of employee’s rise and aim achievement becomes easy.

3) Discipline:

• Optimum uses of equipments and consistency of activities are very much necessary for industrial discipline.Discipline creates certain kind of favourable environment.
• A proper discipline should be maintained for successfully attaining business objectives.Discipline creates harmonious environment at work place.
• Industrial discipline can be established by setting specific rules and code of conduct. This then leads to proper administration of the unit.
• It becomes easy to manage and control the unit having more employees if proper code of conduct is established.
• It also increases work interest of employee and makes the work easy for the managers.
• Supervision, clear and appropriate contracts between workers and owners and appropriate implementation of punishments at every level are important aspects of discipline.

4) Unity of command:
Unity of Command:

• Employees can not follow order from more than one superior; hence this principle shows that employee should get order from only one superior for any job or activity.
• It means that employee should be responsible to only one superior for particular job or department.
• Due to this principle, confusion never arises amongst employees in regards to order.
• If more than one order are given, that creates confusion amongst employees and industrial discipline cannot be maintained due to that.

5) Unity of Direction:

• Planning shapes the future of business. However, if activities do not go as planned, then they are re-directed and brought on the planned track.
• Planning is an outline for future.This can be done through job division and specialization. If deviations are found during planning, then direction-guidance is provided.
• The directions fo’r these things should be given by superior authority. By doing so activities can be well co-ordinated and all the tasks can be done easily.
• According to this principle there should be only one superior employees’ group and this group should be doing job for only one purpose.

6)Subordination of individual interest to the general interest:

• Management is a collective activity.
• Hence there should be co-ordination between persons and departments.
• This results in an easy achievement of goals of Business Units.
• This principle shows that interest of individual or employee group should be considered as subsidiary against the interest of whole unit.
• This means that common interest should be prime instead of indiviual interest.

7)Remuneration of personnel:

• Remuneration means return against the services provided by employees.
• According to the principle, Remuneration to employees of company should be suitable, ideal payment of wages makes stronger relationship between owner and employees.
• Fayol says that employees of company should be paid suitable and ideal wages. This makes owner-employee relation stronger.
• All employees do not work with the same efficiency in a unit.
• There are some efficient employees, who are giving more production and doing more work.
• The unit should also put into practice promotional schemes like bonus, profit sharing, representation in management committee, etc.

8. Centralization:

• There must be clarity that to which extent centralization or decentralization should be done to make successful management infrastructure.
• Not delegating the powers to sub-ordinates and keeping them only in the hands of owners or top personnel is called centralization.
• To make best use of employees’ strength, principle of centralization should be adopted.
• Centralization is adopted when the business unit is small. This helps in making the best use of strength and abilities of employees.
• If the unit is big, it is highly advisable to leave centralization and adopt de-centralization of power.

9. Scalar chain:

• Scalar chain is the formal line of authority which moves from highest to lowest rank in a straight line. This chain specifies the route through which the information is to be communicated to the desired location/person.
• Fayol emphasized that each information in the organization must flow according to this chain to facilitate clear communication of orders of the superiors and feelings of the subordinates.
• This chain must be strictly followed in the organization.
• This principle emphasizes on creating chain from top level management to bottom level employees.
  Chain of power from higher administrative officers to bottom level employees should not be broken.
• There should be proper delegation of powers and responsibility at respective level. Moreover, the employees of the unit should be aware of , who is responsible to whom.

10. Order:

• This principle emphasize on two parameters.
• Raw material arrangement and social arrangement.
  (A) Material order:
  ->This order specifies that there should be a proper place for all physical resources of the unit.
  (B) Social order:
  ->This order specifies that there should be a proper place for all human resources in accordance with their designations. It states “An appointed place for every employee and each employee at his/her appointed place”.
  Skilled employees should be employed at placed at right place in the unit.

11) Equality:

• Employees are a part of managerial system.
• Since the employees are human being, practical approach should be adopted to handle them.
• Superiors should behave appropriately and uniformly while taking work from their sub-ordinates.
• The management should make efforts to establish equality in unit informally father than through legal or traditional ways.
• This principle believes that behaviour of employees is based on faithfulness, attitude, uniformity and justice in the unit.

12) Stability of Personnel Tenure:

• ‘Stability’ means no frequent change, termination and transfer, etc.Permanent and stable employees are asset of any business unit. An employee can developed himself by remainingto one unit and contributin achievement of goals of the business units.
• This principle says that in an organization whenever an employee is appointed for a job, he/she should not be removed or transferred from that position frequently.
• Permanent and stable employees are asset of any business unit.
• Moreover, as the employee remains for long time in the unit, his knowledge of system of work in the unit leads to more productivity. This also reduces ‘ labor turnover rate.
• There should be an arrangement for promotion;training;etc for permanent employee.

13. Initiative:

•  As quality of enterpreneurship is necessary for industrialists, in the way there should be quality of initiation in employee.
• ‘Initiative’ means to start, to begin or to instruct in a project.
• Here, in this principle Fayol suggested that each employee should be given an opportunity to take some initiative in framing the functional plan as well as in determining the steps to be taken at each level for proper execution of the plan.
• Industrialists should provide such atmosphere that employees can enthusiastically participate in initiation.
• Initiation improves ability of independent working of an employee and inculcates their leadership qualities.

14.Esprit de Corps (Feeling of Oneness):

• Success of an industing offneness utual relations of managers and employees.
• Hence there should be harmony in both classes.
• Managers should generate group feeling among employees.
• If all employees will work together then achievement of goals becomes easy.

(4) Describe in detail about Nature of management.

• Principles of management are not rigid but practical conclusion)
• These principles are the guidelines to perform a task.
• At the time of implementation of different tasks of management such as planning,organisation and direction, it provides guidelines to the manager for decision making.
• As per expert opinion, mostly these principles are truth but are not absolute truth. Here, rule of exception is also there.

Following are the characteristics of Principles of Management:

(1).Universal Acceptance:

• Principle of management can be applied to most of the business units.
• Wherever there is a need of human collective efforts, these principles are required.
• However, implementation of all the principles may change as per the type, form, activity and size of the business unit, but the principle of management can be applied to the most of business units.
• Thus, the principles of management are comprehensive (vast / detailed) and universal.

(2).Flexible:

• Principles of management are not rigid conclusion, but it is flexible.
• As per situation when a manager requires there is a scope for flexibility. When these principles do not seem to match in some situation, the managers is allowed to effect change.
• E.g. In large units the principle of division of work may be applied uniformly, but in small units the principle of division of work may not be applied in the same proportion.

(3).General Guidelines:

• Principles of management are the result of experiences gained by different exp in different situations.
• At time of managing a business unit different and complex problems are arising The form of these issues may be different as per the unit, which could not give similar result for each unit in all situations.
• Thus, the principles of management could not be strictly applied for each unit, but can get desired results by accepting the principle as only guidelines and by using it in favourable situation.

4. Based on Human Behaviour:

• As human is at the center of the management, the principle of management may seem to have a big effect on human behaviour,
• Principle of management has direct relationship with the human behaviour.

5. Contingency:

• Contingency is one of the elements to apply the principle of management.
• Achievement of goal can be made easier by a unit with taking required decisions through usage of these principles in certain unavoidable situation.
• Such as to pay appropriate and reasonable wages to the employees.
• This criteria of being fair and reasonable depends upon the concern regarding necessity and contingency of the affecting factors.